Equality Scheduling An equality scheduling can be of the subsequent categories: Result Equality At the time when two (2) schedules create the identical result after the implementation of the commands, they are known as result equivalent. They may perhaps give the similar outcome for certain value as well as not the identical outcomes for another group of values. That’s the...

Transaction A transaction can be well – defined as a set of jobs. Any solo job is the least possible handling unit that cannot be further segregated anymore. Consider an instance of a simple transaction where a person is having two (2) savings account in two (2) different banks and he is transferring $ 100 from an account of ABC...

Techniques of Hashing Bucket: The hash file stocks the data in bucket like format and it is well thought out like a unit of storage. The bucket classically stocks one (1) whole disk block, which in turn can stock one (1) or more (N) data records. · Hashing function: A hashing function h is a plotting function which plots every...

Indexing It is already known that the data is kept in the format of records. Every single record has a key value that assists it to be identified exclusively as and when required. Indexing is a data organization method to competently recover the records from the database files created based on a number of columns or attributes on which the...

File Arrangement The relative information as well as data is kept jointly in file formats. A file can be referred as a series of records warehoused in binary setup. A disk drive is configured into a number of blocks which can stock records. File records are mapped to those particular disk blocks. File Organization The file organization describes by what...

STORAGE MECHANISM The databases are kept in file formats, which have records in it. In physical level, the real data is kept in electro – magnetic format on some device. These storage procedures can be approximately classified into three (3) kinds: · Primary Storage: The memory storing device which is straightly available to the Central Processing Units (CPUs) are known...

Third (3rd) Normal Form (3NF) For a table or relation to be in Third (3rd) Normal Form, it should be in Second (2nd) Normal form as well as the subsequent should be fulfills: · Certainly no non main column or attribute is transitively dependent on prime key (PK) attribute or column. · For any important functional dependency, A → B,...

Functional Dependency The functional dependency (FD) is a group of constrictions among two (2) columns or attributes in a table or relation. Functional dependency states that when two (2) rows or tuples is having identical data values for attributes or columns C1, C2,…, Cn, then those two (2) rows or tuples should have to have identical data values for attributes...

A Holistic View of Database Management System (DBMS) – Part 8 ALGEBRA For Relations Relational database systems are supposed to be armed with a query language which can help its end users to execute any query on the database instances. There are basically two (2) types of query languages: 1. Relational algebra and 2. Relational calculus. 2. Relational Calculus –...

A Holistic View of Database Management System (DBMS) – Part 7 RELATIONAL DATA MODEL The relational data model is the main data model that is castoff commonly around the world for data storing as well as treating. This prototype is simple as well as it has every properties in addition to the abilities needed for processing data with storage competence....