Introduction to B+ Tree The drawback of the B tree used for indexing is that it stores a data pointer (a pointer to a block of a disk file with a key value) that matches a given key value, along with that key value in the B tree node. This technique significantly reduces the number of entries that can be...

Introduction to B- Tree To implement dynamic multi-layer indexing, the B tree as well as the B + tree are often used.  B-Tree is a balanced research tree. Most other auto-matched search trees (such as AVL as well as red-black trees) assume that everything is in main memory. To understas well as the use of B-trees, we have to think...

Indexing is used to optimize database performance by minimizing the number of disk access required when processing queries. An index is a kind of data structure. Used to quickly find as well as access data in a database table. Index structure Indexes can be created using some database columns. The first column of the database is a search key that...

In a huge database structure, it is very inefficient to search all index values ​​as well as obtain the desired data. The hashing technique is used to calculate the direct location of data records on disk without using an index structure. In this technique, data is stored in data blocks whose address is generated using the hash function. The memory...

Hash File Organization The organization of hash files uses the hash functionality calculation in certain areas of the records. The output of the hash function determines the location of the disk block where the records will be placed. When a record is received using the hash key columns, the address is created and the entire record is imported using this...

Approaches in File Organization One approach to mapping the database to files is to use multiple files and store fixed length records only in a specific file. An alternative is to structure ours files so that we can accept multiple lengths for records; however corrected files length recordings are easier to implement than variable length files. A lot of the...

Introduction A database consists of a large amount of data. The data is grouped in a table of the RDBMS and data records are assigned to each table. A user can see that the data is stored in tabular form, but in reality this large amount of data is stored in the form of files in physical memory. Overview of...

Deadlock Avoidance If a database is in a deadlock, it is always better to avoid the deadlock than to restart or abandon the database. The blocking prevention method is suitable for small databases, while the blocking prevention method is suitable for large databases. One way to avoid deadlocks is to use logic that is consistent with the application. In the...

Deadlock Definition A deadlock is a condition in which two or more transactions wait indefinitely to unlock the lock. Deadlock is considered one of the most feared complications from DBMS, as no task is complete and is pending forever. Example: The T1 transaction blocks certain rows in the student table and has to update certain rows in the classification table....

Types of Distributed Databases Homogeneous Distributed Databases The locations use identical DBMS and operating systems in case of homogeneous distributed databases. The characteristics are as follows: The websites use very similar software. The locations use identical DBMS or DBMS from the same supplier. Each site knows all other sites and works with other sites to process user requests. The database...